Tetanus in dogs
Animals are susceptible to tetanus, which can be life-threatening. Due to their relatively high resistance to tetanus, it is a rare disease in dogs. However, it is important to start veterinary treatment early if a dog develops signs of the disease as it may require intensive care. Although occasionally seen in cats, this condition is even rarer in them.
What causes tetanus?
In soil, Clostridium tetani produces the neurotoxin that causes tetanus. Through an open wound, the neurotoxin enters the dog’s bloodstream, preventing nerve communication and muscle relaxation, resulting in uncontrolled spasms.
Clostridium tetani can infect even small wounds, and the incubation period is seven to twenty-one days, so the wound may have healed by the time the first signs appear. It is also possible for bacteria to be hidden (for example in the mouth or nail bed). Pet owners often don’t realise their dog has had a wound or think it is of no importance until their pet develops tetanus signs.
What are the signs of tetanus?
In dogs, Clostridium tetani produces a toxin that enters the motor nerves, causing generalised or localised spasms of the muscles. In localised cases, the dog may become stiff and have difficulty walking if it affects one limb or area.
The dog may experience muscle spasms if the condition is generalised. It usually starts in the head and then spreads throughout the body of the dog. The muscles in the face may become fixed as the facial muscles become damaged, resulting in an altered facial expression. Signs include sardonic grins or frowns, third eye prolapses (cherry eyes), and inability to eat or drink. There is a possibility that their ears will appear erect, and their jaw will appear fixed (‘lockjaw’). It is also possible for the dog to develop difficulty breathing due to laryngeal spasms caused by muscle spasms, which will also affect the voice box.
It may be difficult for the dog to stand, sit, and walk due to an abnormal gait and stance (often referred to as a ‘rocking-horse’ stance). The head may be drawn back over the body and the limbs rigidly extended in extreme cases.
How do I diagnose tetanus?
Tetanus is diagnosed based on the history and clinical signs of the dog. It is important to check if the dog has recently had any wounds where bacteria may have entered.
Can tetanus be treated?
To reduce external stimulation, the dog will be placed in a darkened, quiet room if diagnosed with tetanus. In extreme cases it may be necessary to perform tracheal intubation if respiratory support is needed to assist breathing. Fluids will be administered through a drip, muscle relaxants and sedatives will be administered to make the dog more comfortable, and antibiotics will be administered. It is also possible to provide nutritional support through feeding tubes.
Will a dog recover from tetanus?
Most dogs with tetanus recover within three to six months. In severe cases of generalised disease, the dog may have to stay in intensive care for several weeks to allow their nerves to regrow following damage by toxins. Dogs with this severe form have a guarded outlook.
How can I stop my dog getting tetanus?
Tetanus can be prevented by washing any wounds thoroughly and being aware of the signs. It is not recommended to vaccinate dogs against tetanus. If the dog has any bites or puncture wounds, make sure to clean them thoroughly.